Strange Uncivil: Mapping Patterns of Online Incivilities in the 2018 Brazilian Elections
Mapeo de patrones de incivilidad en línea en las elecciones brasileñas de 2018
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13037/gr.vol39.e20238153Keywords:
Uncivil. Facebook. Far right.Abstract
The purpose of this article is to map and analyze patterns of incivility as a phenomenon unleashed on online social networks, on Facebook pages that expressed support for the right and far right in the 2018 elections, a context marked by polarization and aggressiveness in Brazil. We conducted a qualitative research on fifteen Facebook webpages in the State of Minas Gerais, and the empirical material was submitted to content analysis. The results point to the presence of strange uncivil in the dissemination and validation of incivility speeches online. The article contributes to the understanding of how social networks, specifically Facebook, can foster incivility discourses, bringing empirical knowledge about online incivility in the Brazilian political context of right and far right, stimulating reflections on uncivil practices, their specificities and its possible consequences in the organizational and social context, which also makes use of virtual space.
Downloads
References
AMARAL, A.; COIMBRA, M.. Expressões de ódio nos sites de redes sociais: o universo dos haters no caso# eunãomereçoserestuprada//Expressions of hatred on social networking sites: the universe of haters in the case# eunãomereçoserestuprada. Contemporanea-Revista de Comunicação e Cultura, v. 13, n. 2, p. 294-310, 2015.
ANDERSSON, L.M.; PEARSON, C.M. Tit for tat? The spiraling effect of incivility in the workplace. Academy of Management Review, v. 24, n. 3, p. 452-471, 1999. .
ANGIOLILLO, F.; PASSOS, U. Acirramento da campanha multiplica relatos online de violência. Folha de S.Paulo. 12 out. 2018. Disponível em: < https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/poder/2018/10/acirramento-da-campanha-multiplica-relatos-online-de-violencia.shtml> Acesso em: 06 jun. 2019.
ANTOCI, A. et al. Civility vs. incivility in online social interactions: An evolutionary approach. PloS one, v. 11, n. 11, p. e0164286, 2016.
ARRUDA, M.A. do Nascimento. Mitologia da Mineiridade. São Paulo: Brasiliense, 1990.
BORAH, P.. Does it matter where you read the news story? Interaction of incivility and news frames in the political blogosphere. Communication Research, v. 41, n. 6, p. 809-827, 2014. .
BOTTOMS, A. E. Incivilities, offence and social order in residential communities. Incivilities: Regulating Offensive Behaviour. Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2006.
BROOKS, D. J.; GEER, J. G. Beyond negativity: The effects of incivility on the electorate. American Journal of Political Science, v. 51, n. 1, p. 1-16, 2007.
BRUNS, A.; HIGHFIELD, T. May the best tweeter win: the Twitter strategies of key campaign accounts in the 2012 US election. In: Die US-Präsidentschaftswahl 2012. Springer VS, Wiesbaden, 2016. p. 425-442.
CODATO, A.; BOLOGNESI, B.; ROEDER, K. M.. A nova direita brasileira: uma análise da dinâmica partidária e eleitoral do campo conservador. Direita, Volver, p. 115-144, 2015.
COE, K.; KENSKI, K.; RAINS, S.A. Online and uncivil? Patterns and determinants of incivility in newspaper website comments. Journal of Communication, v. 64, n. 4, p. 658-679, 2014.
COHEN-ALMAGOR, R. Why Confronting the Internet's Dark Side?. Philosophia, v. 45, n. 3, p. 919-929, 2015.
CORTINA, L.M. Unseen injustice: Incivility as modern discrimination in organizations. Academy of Management Review, v. 33, n. 1, p. 55-75, 2008.
CROSSLEY, N. The social world of the network. Combining qualitative and quantitative elements in social network analysis. Sociologica, v. 4, n. 1, p. 0-0, 2010.
DAHLBERG, L. Re-constructing digital democracy: An outline of four 'positions'. New Media & Society, v. 13, n. 6, p. 855-872, 2011.
DESOUZA, E.R. Frequency rates and correlates of contrapower harassment in higher education. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, v. 26, n. 1, p. 158-188, 2011.
DIENER, E. Deindividuation, self-awareness, and disinhibition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, v. 37, n. 7, p. 1160, 1979.
FERREIRA, M.A.Silveira. # BHNASRUAS: Uma Análise Do Confronto Político Contemporâneo a Partir de Páginas do Facebook". Revista Eletrônica de Ciência Política, v. 7, n. 2, 2016.
FIELDING, N.G.; LEE, R.M.; BLANK, G.(Ed.). The SAGE handbook of online research methods. Sage, 2008.
FISS, O. M. A ironia da liberdade de expressão. Rio de Janeiro: Renovar, 2005.
FUKS, M.; MARQUES, P.H.. Contexto e voto: o impacto da reorganização da direita sobre a consistência ideológica do voto nas eleições de 2018. Opin. Publica, Campinas , v. 26, n. 3, p. 401-430, dez. 2020
GERVAIS, B.T. Incivility online: Affective and behavioral reactions to uncivil political posts in a web-based experiment. Journal of Information Technology & Politics, v. 12, n. 2, p. 167-185, 2015.
GIUMETTI, G.W. et al. Cyber incivility@ work: The new age of interpersonal deviance. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, v. 15, n. 3, p. 148-154, 2012.
HERZ, M.; MOLNÁR, P. (Ed.). The content and context of hate speech: rethinking regulation and responses. Cambridge University Press, 2012.
HILL, K. A.; HUGHES, J. E. Cyberpolitics: Citizen activism in the age of the Internet. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 1998
HWANG, H. et al. Does civility matter in the blogosphere? Examining the interaction effects of incivility and disagreement on citizen attitudes. In: Annual Conference of the International Communication Association, Montreal, 58, 2008. Proceedings... QC, Canada. 2008.
IANTO-PETNEHAZI, I. User-Generated Hate Speech: Analysis, Lessons Learnt, And Policy Implications. The Case Of Romania. 2012. Tese de Doutorado. Milan University. 2012.
JAMIESON, K.H. Civility in the House of Representatives: A background report. Annenberg Public Policy Center, 1997
KANE, K.; MONTGOMERY, K.. A framework for understanding dysempowerment in organizations. Human Resource Management, v. 37, n. 3â€4, p. 263-275, 1998.
KELLE, U. Computer-assisted analysis of qualitative data. Methodology Institute, 1997.
KIESLER, S. et al. Social psychological aspects of computer-mediated communication. American Psychologist, v. 39, n. 10, p. 1123, 1984.
KING, A.B. Affective dimensions of Internet culture. Social Science Computer Review, v. 19, n. 4, p. 414-430, 2001.
KNEPP, K.A.F. Understanding Student and Faculty Incivility in Higher Education. The Journal of Effective Teaching, v. 12, n. 1, p. 33-46, 2012.
LIM, V. K.G; TEO, T. SH. Mind your E-manners: Impact of cyber incivility on employees' work attitude and behavior. Information & Management, v. 46, n. 8, p. 419-425, 2009.
LÖWY, M. Conservadorismo e extrema-direita na Europa e no Brasil. Serviço Social & Sociedade, n. 124, p. 652-664, 2015.
MACIEL, A. et al. Apoiadores de Bolsonaro realizaram 50 agressões no início de outubro. Exame. 30 out. 2018. Disponível em: <https://exame.abril.com.br/brasil/apoiadores-de-bolsonaro-realizaram-pelo-menos-50-ataques-em-todo-o-pais/> Acesso em: 05 fev. 2019.
MAIA, R.C.M.; REZENDE, T. A.S. Democracia e a ecologia complexa das redes sociais online: um estudo sobre discussões acerca do racismo e da homofobia. Intexto, n. 34, p. 492-512, 2015.
MARRES, N. The redistribution of methods: on intervention in digital social research, broadly conceived. The Sociological Review, v. 60, p. 139-165, 2012.
MASSARO, T.M.; STRYKER, R.. Freedom of speech, liberal democracy, and emerging evidence on civility and effective democratic engagement. Arizona Law Review, v. 54, p. 375, 2012
MENDONÇA, J.M.B.; SIQUEIRA, M.V.S.; SANTOS, M. A.F. Civilidade e Incivilidade no Ambiente de Trabalho: Uma Bibliometria Internacional. Perspectivas Contemporâneas, v. 13, n. 2, p. 68-88, 2018.
MELLIS, F. Observadores relatam 'preocupação com agressividade' nas eleições. R7. 08 out. 2018. Disponível em: < https://noticias.r7.com/eleicoes-2018/observadores-relatam-preocupacao-com-agressividade-nas-eleicoes-08102018>. Acesso em: 05 fev. 2019
MONTGOMERY, K; KANE, K; VANCE, C.M. Accounting for differences in norms of respect: A study of assessments of incivility through the lenses of race and gender. Group & Organization Management, v. 29, n. 2, p. 248-268, 2004.
MORRISSETTE, P. J. Reducing incivility in the university/college classroom. International Electronic Journal for Leadership in Learning, v. 5, p. 1-12, 2001.
MOURA, M.A. O discurso do ódio em redes sociais. Lura Editorial, 2016.
ODILLA, F. Eleições 2018: por que especialistas veem 'onda conservadora' na América Latina após disputa no Brasil. BBC. 24 out. 2018. Disponível em: <https://www.bbc.com/portuguese/brasil-45757856> Acesso em: 05 fev. 2019
PAPACHARISSI, Z. The presentation of self in virtual life: Characteristics of personal home pages. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, v. 79, n. 3, p. 643-660, 2002.
PAPACHARISSI, Z. Democracy online: Civility, politeness, and the democratic potential of online political discussion groups. New Media & Society, v. 6, n. 2, p. 259-283, 2004.
PAPACHARISSI, Z. Affective publics: Sentiment, technology, and politics. Oxford University Press, 2015.
PARK, Y; FRITZ, C; JEX, S.M. Daily cyber incivility and distress: The moderating roles of resources at work and home. Journal of Management, v. 44, n. 7, p. 2535-2557, 2018..
PEARSON, C. M.; ANDERSSON, L.M.; PORATH, C.L. Assessing and attacking workplace incivility. Organizational Dynamics, v. 29, n. 2, p. 123-137, 2000.
PEARSON, C.M.; ANDERSSON, L.M.; WEGNER, J.W. When workers flout convention: A study of workplace incivility. Human Relations, v. 54, n. 11, p. 1387-1419, 2001
PEARSON, C.M.; PORATH, C.L. On incivility, its impact, and directions for future research. The Dark Side of Organizational Behavior, v. 16, p. 403-425, 2004.
PEARSON, C.M.; PORATH, C.L. On the nature, consequences and remedies of workplace incivility: No time for "nice"? Think again. Academy of Management Perspectives, v. 19, n. 1, p. 7-18, 2005.
PFEFFER, J.; ZORBACH, T.; CARLEY, K.M. Understanding online firestorms: Negative word-of-mouth dynamics in social media networks. Journal of Marketing Communications, v. 20, n. 1-2, p. 117-128, 2014.
RAMALHO, W.S.Costa. A historiografia da mineiridade: trajetórias e significados na história republicana do Brasil. Curitiba: Prismas, 2015.
RECUERO, R.; SOARES, P. Violência simbólica e redes sociais no facebook: o caso da fanpage "Diva Depressão". Galáxia. Revista do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Comunicação e Semiótica. n. 26, 2013.
ROSENFELD, M. Hate speech in constitutional jurisprudence: a comparative analysis. Cardozo Law Review, v. 24, p. 1523, 2001.
ROWE, I. Civility 2.0: A comparative analysis of incivility in online political discussion. Information, Communication & Society, v. 18, n. 2, p. 121-138, 2014.
SALEEM, H. M. et al. A web of hate: Tackling hateful speech in online social spaces. Computer Science. arXiv preprint arXiv:1709.10159, 2017.
SANTANA, A.D. Virtuous or vitriolic: The effect of anonymity on civility in online newspaper reader comment boards. Journalism Practice, v. 8, n. 1, p. 18-33, 2014.
SENNETT, R.. O Declínio do Homem Público. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 1999.
SILVA, L.R.L.; SAMPAIO, R.C. Impeachment, facebook e discurso de ódio: a incivilidade e o desrespeito nas fanpages das senadoras da república. Esferas, v. 1, n. 10, 2018.
SLITER, M.; SLITER, K.; JEX, S. The employee as a punching bag: The effect of multiple sources of incivility on employee withdrawal behavior and sales performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, v. 33, n. 1, p. 121-139, 2012.
SOBIERAJ, S.; BERRY, J. M. From incivility to outrage: Political discourse in blogs, talk radio, and cable news. Political Communication, v. 28, n. 1, p. 19-41, 2011.
STOCKER, P. C.; DALMASO, S. C.. Uma questão de gênero: ofensas de leitores à Dilma Rousseff no Facebook da Folha. Revista Estudos Feministas, v. 24, n. 3, p. 679-690, 2016..
TAROUCO, G.S.; MADEIRA, R.M. Partidos, programas e o debate sobre esquerda e direita no Brasil. Revista de Sociologia e Política, v. 21, n. 45, 2013.
TIMOFEEVA, Y.A. Hate speech online: restricted or protected-comparison of regulations in the United States and Germany. J. Transnat'l L. & Pol'y, v. 12, p. 253, 2002.
THE GUARDIAN. The Cambridge Analytica Files.(2019) Disponível em: https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/cambridge-analytica-files
TUCKER, J.A. et al. Social Media, Political Polarization, and Political Disinformation: A Review of the Scientific Literature. Hewlet Foundation. Disponível em: https://www.hewlett.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Social-Media-Political-Polarization-and-Political-Disinformation-Literature-Review.pdf
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Leandro Borges Candido, CINTIA RODRIGUES DE OLIVEIRA, Mayla Cristina Costa Maroni Saraiva, Valdir Machado Valadão Júnior (Autor)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Autores que publicam nesta revista concordam com os seguintes termos:
- Autores mantém os direitos autorais e concedem à revista o direito de primeira publicação, com o trabalho simultaneamente licenciado sob a https://creativecommons.org/
licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/, permitindo o compartilhamento do trabalho com reconhecimento da autoria do trabalho e publicação inicial nesta revista. - Autores têm autorização para assumir contratos adicionais separadamente, para distribuição não-exclusiva da versão do trabalho publicada nesta revista (ex.: publicar em repositório institucional ou como capítulo de livro), com reconhecimento de autoria e publicação inicial nesta revista.
- Autores têm permissão e são estimulados a publicar e distribuir seu trabalho online (ex.: em repositórios institucionais ou na sua página pessoal) a qualquer ponto antes ou durante o processo editorial, já que isso pode gerar alterações produtivas, bem como aumentar o impacto e a citação do trabalho publicado (Veja O Efeito do Acesso Livre).
