ANÁLISE PONDERADA DOS DESFECHOS EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS EM PACIENTES COM COVID-19: um estudo observacional transversal
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.13037/ras.vol23.e20259971Keywords:
SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 Testing, Pandemics, COVID-19 VaccinesAbstract
The COVID-19 pandemic prompted emergency responses from governments and health agencies worldwide, implementing public policies that reduced mortality among affected patients. However, during the public health emergency, the low regionalization of care programs significantly reduced the effectiveness of preventive measures. This study investigated the relationship between vaccination status, sociodemographic factors, comorbidities, and symptoms with COVID-19 outcomes in 6,953 patients treated at screening centers in São Gonçalo, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Data collection occurred between July and December 2021, including sociodemographic information, vaccination history, presence of comorbidities, symptoms, and COVID-19 test results. The sample predominantly consisted of mixed-race individuals (51%), with 61% being women and 60% aged between 21 and 50 years. The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (18.2%), diabetes (4.9%), and obesity (0.4%). Young individuals (11-30 years) and white patients had higher positivity rates (40.1%). Hypertension was associated with a higher positivity rate (OR = 1.54; 95% CI: 1.28-1.83; p-value < 0.001), whereas obesity was linked to a lower positivity rate (OR = 0.13; 95% CI: 0.02-0.63; p-value = 0.025). This study identified a higher rate of positive results among young (11-30 years) white and hypertensive individuals. Symptoms such as fever, loss of smell, and loss of taste were the primary indicators of infection (OR > 2.00; p-value < 0.001). The regionalized characterization of COVID-19 patients will inform further research and policies to mitigate harm in public health emergencies.
Downloads
References
1. Khalil OAK, Khalil SDS. SARS-CoV-2: taxonomia, origem e constituição. Rev Med. 2020 Dec 10;99(5):473-9.
2. Van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH, Holbrook MG, Gamble A, Williamson BN, et al. Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr 16;382(16):1564-7.
3. World Health Organization. Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) - SITUATION REPORT 1 [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2020 [cited 2023 Sep 9] p. 5. Report No.: 1. Available from: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf
4. World Health Organization. COVID-19 Weekly Epidemiological Update [Internet]. World Health Organization; 2023 Mar [cited 2023 Sep 9] p. 19. Report No.: 134. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/366534/nCoV-weekly-sitrep16Mar23-eng.pdf?sequence=1
5. Sharaf S, Athikkavil FM, Varghese SD, Sreekumar S, Ramakrishnan R, Varghese J, et al. COVID-19: global pandemic with divergent waves: an exigent public health concern worldwide with special context to Indian scenario. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2022 Feb 28;9(3):1547.
6. Abreu IR, Alexandre MMM, Costa MCVD, Botelho JMG, Alves LCB, Lima AA. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on vaccination coverage in children in Brazil: A literature review. Res Soc Dev. 2022 Oct 24;11(14):e213111436227.
7. Viner RM, Ward JL, Hudson LD, Ashe M, Patel SV, Hargreaves D, et al. Systematic review of reviews of symptoms and signs of COVID-19 in children and adolescents. Arch Dis Child. 2021 Aug;106(8):802-7.
8. IBGE. São Gonçalo (RJ) | Cidades e Estados | IBGE [Internet]. 2024 [cited 2024 Jan 26]. Available from: https://www.ibge.gov.br/cidades-e-estados/rj/sao-goncalo.html
9. Cleophas TJ, Zwinderman AH. Statistics Applied to Clinical Studies [Internet]. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands; 2012 [cited 2023 Sep 9]. Available from: http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-94-007-2863-9
10. Cham LB, Pahus MH, Grønhøj K, Olesen R, Ngo H, Monrad I, et al. Effect of Age on Innate and Adaptive Immunity in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. J Clin Med. 2021 Oct 19;10(20):4798.
11. Barnes MPJ. Relationships Between COVID-19 Infection Rates, Healthcare Access, Socioeconomic Status, and Cultural Diversity [Internet] [Master of Science in Mathematics]. [Boise, ID]: Boise State University; 2022 [cited 2023 Oct 25]. Available from: https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/td/1964/
12. Kimani ME, Sarr M, Cuffee Y, Liu C, Webster NS. Associations of Race/Ethnicity and Food Insecurity With COVID-19 Infection Rates Across US Counties. JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Jun 8;4(6):e2112852.
13. Zovi A, Ferrara F, Langella R, Cavallaro F, Vitiello A. Sex affects immune response capacity against COVIDâ€19 infection. Rev Med Virol. 2023 Jul;33(4):e2450.
14. Chaturvedi R, Lui B, Aaronson JA, White RS, Samuels JD. COVID-19 complications in males and females: recent developments. J Comp Eff Res. 2022 Jun;11(9):689-98.
15. Oliveira MAD, Haddad A, Godomiczer A, Garcia TR, Sten C, Moisés FP, et al. HYPERTENSION AND RISK FACTOR TO MORTALITY IN CORONAVIRUS DISEASE (COVID-19). J Hypertens. 2023 Jun;41(Suppl 3):e191.
16. Li J, Wang X, Chen J, Zhang H, Deng A. Association of Renin-Angiotensin System Inhibitors With Severity or Risk of Death in Patients With Hypertension Hospitalized for Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020 Jul 1;5(7):825-30.
17. Dahlia D, Artanti KD, Hargono A, Martini S, Nasr NMG, Li CY. Death risk among COVID-19 patients with diabetes mellitus. J Public Health Afr [Internet]. 2022 Dec 7 [cited 2023 Oct 6];13(s2). Available from: https://www.publichealthinafrica.org/jphia/article/view/2399
18. Tadayon Najafabadi B, Rayner DG, Shokraee K, Shokraie K, Panahi P, Rastgou P, et al. Obesity as an independent risk factor for COVID-19 severity and mortality. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 May 24;5(5):CD015201.
19. Yildirim AC, Alkan Ceviker S, Zeren S, Ekici MF, Yaylak F, Algin MC, et al. COVID-19 and related gastrointestinal symptoms: An observational study. Marmara Med J. 2022 May 30;35(2):244-8.
20. Schmeelk S, Davis A, Li Q, Shippey C, Utah M, Myers A, et al. Monitoring Symptoms of COVID-19: Review of Mobile Apps. JMIR MHealth UHealth. 2022 Jun 1;10(6):e36065.
21. Orlova NV, Nikiforov VV. An integrated approach to the differential diagnosis of COVID-19 syndromes and symptoms. Epidemiol Infect Dis. 2022 May 25;26(2):44-56.
22. Tsukahara T, Brann DH, Datta SR. Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2-associated anosmia. Physiol Rev. 2023 Oct 1;103(4):2759-66.
23. Xu XW, Wu XX, Jiang XG, Xu KJ, Ying LJ, Ma CL, et al. Clinical findings in a group of patients infected with the 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-Cov-2) outside of Wuhan, China: retrospective case series. BMJ. 2020 Feb 19;m606.
24. Andrews A, C. Mathew A, Mathew T. COVID-19 vaccination status and its effect on outcome and disease severity. Int J Community Med Public Health. 2023 Jan 12;10(2):629-34.
25. Purwanti ED, Ronoatmojo S. Association Between COVID-19 Vaccination Status With Severity of Confirmed COVID-19 Patients Period of January-July 2022 in Indonesia. J Ilmu Kesehat Masy. 2023 Mar 30;14(1):13-26.
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Raphael Rangel das Chagas, Hércules Rezende Freitas, Fabio da Silva de Azevedo Fortes, Sergian Vianna Cardozo

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
Policy Proposal for Journals offering Free Delayed Access
Authors who publish in this magazine agree to the following terms:
- Authors maintain the copyright and grant the journal the right to the first publication, with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License after publication, allowing the sharing of the work with recognition of the authorship of the work and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are authorized to assume additional contracts separately, for non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in this magazine (eg, publishing in institutional repository or as a book chapter), with the acknowledgment of the authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are allowed and encouraged to publish and distribute their work online (eg in institutional repositories or on their personal page) at any point before or during the editorial process, as this can generate productive changes, as well as increase impact and citation of the published work (See The Effect of Open Access).





